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In some regions or nations, human brucellosis is related to certain ethnic groups and may be related to dietary preferences. Although addressing the illness in its natural hosts is the most financial method, regulatory efforts to forestall the sale or consumption of nonpasteurized milk products would also scale back human brucellosis and profit public well being. A comparability of bacterium abortus with bacterium bronchisepticus and with the organism which causes Malta fever. A "One Health" surveillance and control of brucellosis in creating international locations: moving away from improvisation. Economic evaluation of bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication programmes in a mountain area of Spain. Incidence of human brucellosis in a rural space in Western Greece after the implementation of a vaccination programme in opposition to animal brucellosis. Characteristics of a Brucella species from a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Isolation of Francisella tularensis and Brucella suis from purple foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Isolation of Brucella microti from mandibular lymph nodes of pink foxes, Vulpes vulpes, in decrease Austria. A potential novel Brucella species isolated from mandibular lymph nodes of pink foxes in Austria. A novel Brucella isolate in affiliation with two cases of stillbirth in non-human primates: first report. Distribution geographique de quelques maladies du gibier et des animaux sauvages de la Suisse. Pathologic features of a case of systemic brucellosis as a result of Brucella melitensis biovar 3 in a chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra). Brucella infection in recent water fish: proof of pure infection of the Nile catfish Clarias gariepinus, with Brucella melitensis. Brucella suis biovar 1 in naturally infected cattle: a bacteriological, serological and histological examine. Brucella phages: advances within the development of a reliable phage typing system for easy and non-smooth Brucella isolates. Isolation and characterization of Brucella from the lungworms of a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Early acidification of phagosomes containing Brucella suis is crucial for intracellular survival in murine macrophages. Cyclic -1,2-glucan is a Brucella virulence factor required for intracellular survival. Production of the siderophore 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid is required for wild-type development of Brucella abortus within the presence of erythritol under low-iron situations in vitro. Smooth and rough lipopolysaccharide phenotypes of Brucella induce completely different intracellular trafficking and cytokine/chemokine release in human monocytes. Perspectives for the therapy of brucellosis within the twenty first century: the Ioannina suggestions. Asymptomatic Brucella bacteraemia and isolation of Brucella melitensis biovar 3 from human breast milk. Brucellosis in San Diego: epidemiology and species-related variations in acute medical shows. On the inactivation of Brucella abortus in naturally contaminated milk by industrial pasteurisation procedures. The effect of activation of the lactoperoxidase system and souring on certain potential human pathogens in cows milk. Brucella melitensis survival throughout manufacture of ripened goat cheese at two temperatures. Heterogeneous shedding of Brucella abortus in milk and its effect on the control of animal brucellosis.

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A hypothalamic neuronal cell line persistently contaminated with scrapie prions exhibits apoptosis. Proteinase-resistant protein in human neuroblastoma cells contaminated with mind material from Creutzfeldt�Jakob patient. Recent advances in clarifying prion protein functions utilizing knockout mice and derived cell lines. The 37-kDa/67-kDa laminin receptor acts as the cell-surface receptor for the cellular prion protein. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans mediate internalization and propagation of particular proteopathic seeds. Mouse neuroblastoma cells launch prion infectivity associated with exosomal vesicles. The illness characteristics of different strains of scrapie in Sinc congenic mouse traces: implications for the character of the agent and host management of pathogenesis. The sequential development of the brain lesion of scrapie in three strains of mice. Precise targeting of the pathology of the sialoglycoprotein, PrP, and vacuolar degeneration in mouse scrapie. Abrogation of complicated glycosylation by swainsonine ends in strain- and cellspecific inhibition of prion replication. Packaging of prions into exosomes is related to a novel pathway of PrP processing. Increased proportions of C1 truncated prion protein defend towards mobile M1000 prion an infection. Two Creutzfeldt�Jakob disease brokers reproduce prion protein-independent identities in cell cultures. Scrapie prion proteins accumulate within the cytoplasm of persistently contaminated cultured cells. Scrapie an infection of prion protein-deficient cell line upon ectopic expression of mutant prion proteins. Octapeptide repeat region of prion protein (PrP) is required at an early stage for manufacturing of abnormal prion protein in PrP-deficient neuronal cell line. Inhibition of protease-resistant prion protein formation in a reworked deer cell line infected with chronic wasting illness. Microglial cell line established from prion protein-overexpressing mice is susceptible to various murine prion strains. Cultured peripheral neuroglial cells are extremely permissive to sheep prion an infection. Scrapie prion protein accumulation by scrapie-infected neuroblastoma cells abrogated by exposure to a prion protein antibody. Transformation of mouse glia and neuroblastoma cells after infection with the mouseadapted scrapie pressure c-506. Up-regulation of functionally impaired insulinlike progress factor-1 receptor in scrapie-infected neuroblastoma cells. Mouse-adapted sporadic human Creutzfeldt�Jakob illness prions propagate in cell culture. Establishment of a cell line persistently contaminated with chronic wasting illness prions. Scrapie strains preserve organic phenotypes on propagation in a cell line in culture. Sporeforming microorganisms make investments considerable quantities of vitality in a refined differentiation course of (sporogenesis) that involves the expression of hundreds of genes in order to give a morphologically distinct cell that presents several obstacles associated to the resistance to physical, chemical, and organic challenges. Indeed, the flexibility of fast progress and the range of metabolic capabilities together with the capacity to survive in antagonistic conditions lead to a versatile genus that actively 131 132 Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections participates in shaping the surroundings. However, some members of the genus Bacillus have advanced pathogenic potential and are thus associated with distinct pathological processes.

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Interobserver variability in measuring the size of the abdominal aorta: comparability of ultrasound and computed tomography. Gadoliniumbased contrast publicity, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, and gadolinium detection in tissue. Technical features, current indications, and results of chimney grafts for juxtarenal aortic aneurysms. Intermediate results of a United States multicenter trial of fenestrated endograft repair for juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms. Transluminal hypogastric artery occlusion with an Amplatzer vascular plug throughout endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. Inferior mesenteric artery embolization earlier than endovascular aneurysm repair: technique and preliminary outcomes. Endoleak as a complication of endoluminal grafting of belly aortic aneurysms: classification, incidence, analysis, and management. Longterm outcomes after endovascular stomach aortic aneurysm restore: the primary decade. Endovascular vs open repair of acute abdominal aortic aneurysms-a systematic evaluate and metaanalysis. Open versus endovascular stent graft restore of stomach aortic aneurysms: a metaanalysis of randomized trials. In spite of the similar anatomic location of the pathophysiology in both acute and persistent types of mesenteric ischemia, the distinction in their clinical pres entation and management mandate separate consideration of these conditions. Most emboli originate within the heart secondary to atrial fibrillation, myocardial ischemia, valvular coronary heart illness, left ven tricular aneurysm, or in depth atherosclerotic aortic disease. Acute obstruction can also be seen in the setting of aortic dissection or as a complication of aortic surgery or endovascular interventions. Cutaneous mottling of the trunk and lower extremities often accompanies this situation. A excessive medical suspicion is the necessary thing, as diagnosis is commonly delayed because of nonspecific clinical findings. Abdominal pain is of sudden onset and extreme however is usually not localized early on. Localization of this pain with peritoneal indicators suggests transmural necrosis of bowel. Physical examination is often unremarkable with occasional abdominal distension and diarrhea, which may become bloody as time progresses secondary to mucosal sloughing. Imaging research should embody plain films of the stomach which may reveal an ileus or gasless abdomen. When findings corresponding to air within the bowel wall (pneumatosis intestinalis), mucosal edema ("thumbprinting"), free air underneath the diaphragm or air within the portal system are identified, the ischemia is nicely superior and the mortal ity price could be very excessive. The aortogram can even show different sites of embolization (especially within the spleen or kidneys), as properly as demonstrating the Interventional Cardiology: Principles and Practice, Second Edition. Selective research are then performed, using prolonged injections of distinction with imaging of the arterial, mucosal, and portal phases. Having a catheter in place additionally supplies access for initiating endovascular therapy, including thrombolysis, vasodilator infusions, and stent ing. Thrombolysis, both pharmacologic and mechanical, has been reported in some collection when there was early diagnosis [15,16]. The time required for complete lysis could not all the time be out there, because the window for restoring the blood move is limited and the potential risk of distal embolization is high. The patient is generally in a low flow state secondary to cardiogenic shock or septic shock and is often on a high dose vasopressor agent. A excessive index of suspicion in any affected person who develops abdominal ache in the suggested medical settings leads to the prognosis which is most often confirmed by endoscopy and distinction angiography. Systemic anticoagulation with bowel relaxation and parenteral vitamin is remedy of choice for sufferers with out peritonitis. Compared with systemic anticoagulation, early mechanical or pharmacologic thrombolysis of acute portomesenteric venous thrombosis through transjugular or percutaneous transhepatic approach prevents progression of bowel ischemia in the quick term and in the long run prevents development of portal hypertension [27]. Surgical restore of the proximal intimal tear is the simplest treatment for kind A dissection [28]. Endovascular deal with ment of acute complicated kind B dissection with malperfusion syn drome has a low morbidity and mortality in comparability with open restore and can now be thought-about the therapy of choice [28�30].

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Besides the commensal-like colonization of poultry, few different animals are susceptible to C. An exception to this entails a connection between spontaneous abortion in sheep and different livestock, and an infection by sure Campylobacter species, including Campylobacter fetus and C. Some of the extra promising infection fashions at present being used embody neonatal piglets, ferrets, and certain knockout mouse strains, whereas fashions of commensal colonization are typically newly hatched chicks and wild-type mice. Although there are Campylobacter species that may colonize the mouth,19 and the relatively closely related Helicobacter pylori primarily lives inside the abdomen,20 C. Rather, it proceeds to the massive bowel or cecum, which additionally helps the majority of the intestinal commensal microbiota. In animals with a cecum (birds, rodents, and pigs), that is the primary site of C. This displays it having solely a single class I-type ribonucleotide reductase, which requires oxygen to perform. Additionally, a minimal of some strains are chemotactic toward l-fucose,29 a typical terminal glycan on mucins. While many of those stressors may depend upon the specific host and state of affairs by which C. With the exception of certain strains that have acquired an l-fucose metabolic pathway,37 C. In the case of iron, which is tightly regulated by the host and required by the microbiota, the loss of any of C. Due to their simplicity and availability, cellular infection models have been one of many most popular strategies for the examine of C. The standard assay involves both measuring bacterial adherence to the host cell floor, or utilizing a gentamicin safety assay to quantify the number of internalized micro organism. Increases in either adherence or invasion are usually taken as an indication of elevated virulence; nevertheless, exact hyperlinks between these in vitro outcomes and infection in vivo can usually be tough to set up. A closer examination utilizing transmission electron microscopy clearly enabled the visualization of the helical C. In contrast, different research have recognized cell adhesion not only happening within the chick cecum, but also being an essential step in proper colonization. In cell culture experiments, the addition of hen cecal mucus has been found to scale back cell invasion of both rooster and human epithelial cells, although a mechanism to clarify this remark remains unknown. It is of specific interest for researchers attempting to develop a vaccine against C. A transcriptomic study recognized 270 genes differentially regulated in chicks inoculated by C. This improve in a key proinflammatory chemokine appears to be temporary, and immune tolerance to C. In spite of the lack of immunological responses that resemble human illness, the chick has been widely used as a mannequin for C. This remains fairly related as a outcome of similarities in primary colonization factors, even within the absence of an immune response, as properly as the primary function of poultry 294 Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections as a standard source of human an infection, making the colonization and spread of C. Colostrum-deprived piglets lack the safety of maternal antibodies that often helps prevent infection in piglets. Additionally, at very young ages, they lack a fully mature immune response or a protective, totally developed intestinal microbiota, making them significantly prone to infections by enteric pathogens. This vulnerability has been previously exploited for the examine of Escherichia coli66 and Salmonella67 an infection, among others, and in numerous studies, it has been successfully used as a model for C. These symptoms had been often evident within a day of inoculation, and pathogen burden and illness severity peaked inside three days postinoculation. This first research is also the one examine to undertake a histological evaluation of contaminated piglets. In their analyses, they found signs of inflammation, goblet cell depletion, and immune cell infiltration primarily in the cecum and colon, with minimal signs of harm in the small gut. Continuing studies utilizing the colostrum-deprived mannequin have targeted primarily on pathogen burdens, with much less attention paid to histology or immune responses throughout the host piglets. The most typical software has been to evaluate changes in pathogen burden between wild-type C. These have included genes associated to nutrient uptake,37,42 stress-response regulators,sixty eight,69 capsule-modifying enzymes,70 as well as other genes of interest. On the events it has been studied, piglets often undergo excessive mortality inside 1�2 days postinoculation.

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In 1803, Johan Zeder famous egg hatching from different trematode species and in addition the release of a ciliated embryo in water. In 1807, Christian Nitzsch described for the primary time the encystment of cercariae. He noted that after a time frame, cercariae stick on the floor of aquatic vegetation, they lose the tail, after which they had been lined with a gelatinous substance. Guido Wagener (1857) noted miracidia penetration into snail and subsequent development of rediae. The first one that instructed that larval phases of liver worm have been developed within the G. He also described for the first time the encystment of the cercariae on aquatic plants and the next digestion by sheep, and he argued that these cercariae were the juvenile stages of liver worm. However, how the encysted cercariae reached the liver and bile ducts remained unknown. In 1914, the Russian helminthologist Dimitry Sinitsin demonstrated, utilizing rabbits as animal models, that juvenile levels of worms, once launched in the small gut, penetrate the intestinal wall and migrate to the liver by the peritoneal cavity. The geographic distribution of the two parasitic species causing fasciolosis is kind of completely different. It is estimated that more than 1 million individuals are currently contaminated, and there are more than 90 million individuals living in high-risk areas of buying the illness. The incidence of human fasciolosis could be underestimated, as not all instances are described in international reports, they usually remain as inside reviews, thesis, or publications in native journals, with out worldwide diffusion. Fasciola and Fasciolosis 719 Andean (Bolivia, Per�, Chile, and Ecuador), Caribbean (Cuba), north African (Egypt), western European (Portugal, France, and Spain), and Caspian Sea (Iran) countries have the best prevalence of fasciolosis on the earth. In Bolivia, the north plateau is the realm most affected with human fasciolosis,11 where the prevalence is greater than 72%, and in some people even about 5000 eggs have been present in per gram of feces. They are ovoid, are yellow-brown in colour, and measure about 130�145 m lengthy and 70�90 m broad. Development of eggs and hatching are closely related to physical and chemical components corresponding to relative humidity, temperature, oxygen focus, and pH. It has been demonstrated that the optimal temperature for egg improvement is 23�C�26�C; underneath these situations, the eggs are embryonated in 2�3 weeks at pH 7. Miracidia (hatched from eggs), which measure about a hundred thirty m long and have nice mobility because of their ciliated tegument, swim rapidly to discover the intermediate host (snails). Several components are concerned in the localization and penetration of miracidia into the snail, the most important being the presence of stimulatory molecules within the snail mucose, such as glucose, amino acids, and lipids. It has been estimated that one miracidia can develop as a lot as 600 cercariae, through parthenogenetic proliferation. The cercariae have a propeller tail for swimming actively, which is subsequently misplaced earlier than its encystment and posterior transformation into metacercariae, which attach to aquatic plants. The infection happens after digesting metacercariae attached on the floor of aquatic crops. Approximately 1 h after the ingestion of metacercariae, the excystment occurs within the small gut. Finally, the parasites reach the bile ducts (7 weeks after the infection), and they stay right here until full maturity. Occasionally, juvenile parasites can also be found in uncommon anatomical areas similar to lungs, pancreas, lymph nodes, and thymus. Eight weeks after the an infection, eggs may be found within the bile and later in the feces, thus completing the entire life cycle. This group of proteins has a molecular weight near 30 kDa and an isoelectric point between 5. Using adult worms, a proteomics strategy allows the identification of 28 cross-reactive proteins present in both parasites, 10 out of them being extremely expressed in S. The induced damage to the mammalian Fasciola and Fasciolosis 721 host throughout its migration is triggered primarily by factors such as mechanical abrasion by its spicules or the suction attributable to their suckers. The hepatic parenchyma suffers an enormous destruction with several inside injuries and bleeding throughout parasite migration, that are triggered not only by the juvenile flukes but additionally by the inflammatory and immunological responses which are generated by the mammalian host. Adult worms are positioned within the bile ducts, but they may also be discovered within the cystic duct, gall bladder, Vater blister, and in addition in the choledochus.

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An Essay on the Biology, Morphology, Life Cycles, Transmissions, and Evolution of Digenetic Trematodes. Animal Parasites: Their Life Cycles and Ecology, 199�267 (General Publishing Company, Toronto, Canada, 1974). Fasciola hepatica development in the experimentally infected black rat Rattus rattus. Patterns in size and shedding of Fasciola hepatica eggs by naturally and experimentally infected murid rodents. Human fascioliasis in Bolivia: a basic evaluation and critical evaluation of current information. A population-based coprological research of human fascioliasis in a hyperendemic space of the Bolivian Altiplano. High fascioliasis infection in kids linked to a man-made irrigation zone in Peru. Hiperendemicidad de fasciolosis humana en el valle del mantaro, per�: Factores de riesgo de la infecci�n por Fasciola hepatica. Adaptive immune stimulation is required to get hold of high safety with fatty acid binding protein vaccine candidate towards Fasciola hepatica in Balb/C mice. The Fasciola hepatica genome: gene duplication and polymorphism reveals adaptation to the host surroundings and the capability for fast evolution. Elucidating the transcriptome of Fasciola hepatica-a key to basic and biotechnological discoveries for a neglected parasite. Comparative proteomics of excretory-secretory proteins released by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica in sheep host bile and through in vitro tradition ex host. Fasciola hepatica and Schistosoma mansoni: identification of widespread proteins by comparative proteomic analysis. Medicine- Programa de Formaci�n M�dica Continuada Acreditado 10, 3717�3728 (2010). Immunomodulatory molecules of Fasciola hepatica: candidates for each vaccine and immunotherapeutic development. Evolution of Th2 immunity: a fast repair response to tissue damaging pathogens. Fasciola hepatica: parasite-secreted proteinases degrade all human IgG subclasses: determination of the precise cleavage websites and identification of the immunoglobulin fragments produced. Proteinases secreted by Fasciola hepatica degrade extracellular matrix and basement membrane elements. Cathepsin L proteinase secreted by Fasciola hepatica in vitro prevents antibody-mediated eosinophil attachment to newly excysted juveniles. Thioredoxin peroxidase secreted by Fasciola hepatica induces the choice activation of macrophages. Helminth 2-Cys peroxiredoxin drives Th2 responses by way of a mechanism involving alternatively activated macrophages. The immune response of regional lymph nodes in the course of the early stages of Fasciola hepatica an infection in cattle. Correlation of specific antibody titre and avidity with protection in cattle immunized in opposition to Fasciola hepatica. Resistance to liver fluke an infection in the pure sheep host is correlated with a type-1 cytokine response. Fasciola hepatica suppresses a protective Th1 response in opposition to Bordetella pertussis. Immunological interactions between 2 widespread pathogens, Th1-inducing protozoan Toxoplasma gondii and the Th2-inducing helminth Fasciola hepatica. Immunodiagnosis of human fascioliasis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay utilizing excretory-secretory products. Immunodiagnosis of Fasciola hepatica an infection (fascioliasis) in a human inhabitants within the Bolivian Altiplano utilizing purified cathepsin L cysteine proteinase. Evaluation and characterization of Fasciola hepatica tegument protein extract for serodiagnosis of human fascioliasis. Leucine aminopeptidase is an immunodominant antigen of Fasciola hepatica excretory and secretory products in human infections. Development of two antibody detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for serodiagnosis of human chronic fascioliasis.

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Dual kidney transplantation allows the transplantation of both donor kidneys into a single recipient underneath certain circumstances similar to older recipients. Notably, the discard price of organs in Europe was reported in one research as only 7. It adjustments because the age of the candidate will increase and the size of time on dialysis will increase. Because blood group A has many subtypes, it was decided that A1 and A2 may be much less reactive than other subtypes, thus allowing non-A recipients to have profitable kidney transplants from A2 donors. This strategy has been used successfully with both B and O recipients and has led to a reduction in ready time for kidney sufferers. It was discovered that payback kidneys had extra chilly ischemic times and a higher threat for delayed graft operate. The first variance is a committee-sponsored variance that permits for back-dating of dialysis time previous to itemizing patients for transplantation, and the other variance allows for A2 and A2B kidneys to be supplied to sufferers with blood type B. One unintended consequence has been identified throughout the extremely sensitized inhabitants. Initially, the system has actually made important strides in making modifications to meet the needs of many candidates awaiting kidney transplantation. The allocation of cadaver kidneys for transplantation in the United States: consensus and controversy. Single lung transplantation for extreme persistent obstructive pulmonary disease, Washington University Lung Transplant Group. Rational rationing or discrimination: balancing equity and efficiency issues in kidney allocation. Kidney donation and transplantation in Eurotransplant 2006-2007: minimizing discard charges by using a rescue allocation policy. Kidneys at higher danger for discard: expanding the role of twin kidney transplantation. New National allocation coverage for deceased donor kidneys in the United States and attainable effects on affected person outcomes. The number of folks on the deceased donor waitlist has increased by 82% over the past 10 years, and 7271 patients either died or turned too sick to transplant whereas on the waiting listing in 2012. The use of animal cells and organs has the longest historical past, with the first attempts to perform animal to human blood transfusions as early as the 17th century. Indeed, preclinical trials have shown that pig kidneys are able to supporting life for weeks to months in primates. Though promising, bioartificial renal substitute methods include their own problems, and their scientific use is years away. Unfortunately, not all attempts to overcome the kidney shortage drawback have been positive. Transplant tourism, or the buying and promoting of organs, has been a scourge on the sphere of organ transplantation. It has been estimated that as many as 10% of the 106,879 organs transplanted in 2010 were procured and transplanted through black markets, sixty eight. The majority of this cash goes to the brokers, while donors are paid as little as $1000, exposed to harmful conditions, and left with little to no follow-up care. The resolution lies not just in the development and enforcement of policies, however in increasing the supply of deceased and residing donor organs available. As early because the Nineteen Thirties, deceased donor kidneys had been getting used to deal with acute renal failure, however the lack of immunosuppression precluded graft survival. In 1954, the primary profitable living donor transplant was carried out by Joseph Murray at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital on a pair of equivalent twins. In 1962 a deceased donor kidney graft survived for over a year, thus beginning the modern medical era of kidney transplantation. In 1984, Congress handed the National Organ Transplant Act, which established rules on organ procurement, mandated I. Policies for the allocation of donor organs, mentioned in depth in earlier chapters, had been established primarily based on two guiding principles: Utility and Justice. To maximize these rules, organs would be allotted to patients with the most effective probability of benefiting, and people with essentially the most urgent need or longest wait time. By 1990, yearly kidney transplant rates rose above 9000 in the United States, of which 2094 came from living donors. Today, paired donation accounts for approximately 10% of kidney donations in the United States.

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Consensus conference on best practices in reside kidney donation: suggestions to optimize education, entry, and care. A report of the Amsterdam forum on the care of the stay kidney donor: data and medical pointers. European renal best apply guideline on kidney donor and recipient analysis and perioperative care. Shifting paradigms in eligibility standards for live kidney donation: a scientific review. Comparison of laparoscopic and mini incision open donor nephrectomy: single blind, randomised controlled medical trial. Postoperative ache and convalescence in dwelling kidney donors-laparoscopic versus open donor nephrectomy: a randomized examine. Laparoscopic versus open living-donor nephrectomy: experiences from a potential, randomized, singe-center study focusing on donor safety. Technical modification for laparoscopic donor nephrectomy to decrease testicular ache: a complication with important morbidity. Vascular management throughout stay donor nephrectomy: a web-based survey amongst transplant surgeons. Periarterial software of papaverine throughout laparoscopic donor nephrectomy improves early graft perform after kidney transplantation in pigs. No need for systemic heparinization during laparoscopic donor nephrectomy with short heat ischemia time. The use of polymer (Hem-o-lok) clips for administration of the renal hilum throughout laparoscopic nephrectomy. A essential step toward kidney donor security: the transition from locking polymer clips to transfixion strategies in laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. Vessel length following laparoscopic donor nephrectomy: impression of vascular ligation approach on allograft vessel size. Vascular clips are protected and an excellent cost-effective technique for arterial and venous management in laparoscopic nephrectomy: single-center experience with 1834 laparoscopic nephrectomies. Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy: potential evaluation of the learning curve. Retroperitoneoscopic residing donor nephrectomy: experience of 425 cases at a single center. Introduction of hand-assisted retroperitoneoscopic residing donor nephrectomy at Karolinska � University Hospital Huddinge. A meta-analysis of mini-open versus standard open and laparoscopic residing donor nephrectomy. Favorable outcomes among recipients of living-donor nephrectomy using video-assisted minilaparotomy. The perfect dwelling donor nephrectomy "mini-nephrectomy" via a posterior transcostal strategy. An anterior extraperitoneal incision for donor nephrectomy that spares the rectus abdominis muscle and anterior belly wall nerves. Single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy is related to improved cosmesis scoring at the worth of significantly higher hernia rates: 1-year results of a prospective randomized, multicenter, single-blinded trial of traditional multiport laparoscopic cholecystectomy vs single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Transvaginal hybrid natural orifice transluminal surgical procedure robotic donor nephrectomy: first medical utility. Robotic-assisted laparoscopic donor nephrectomy with transvaginal extraction of the kidney. Outcomes of robotic nephrectomy including highest complexity instances: largest sequence to date and literature review. Evolution of robotic nephrectomy for dwelling donation: from hand-assisted to totally robotic approach. Hem-o-lok clip dislodgment causing dying of the donor after laparoscopic living donor nephrectomy. Living kidney donor evaluation: challenges, uncertainties and controversies amongst transplant nephrologists and surgeons. End-stage renal illness danger in reside kidney donors: what have we learned from two latest studies The consensus statement of the Amsterdam Forum on the Care of the Live Kidney Donor.

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